Haggai Study

Haggai – When It’s Not the Best

Haggai is a book about “when it’s not the best”. It is the second shortest Old Testament book, after Obadiah. We do not know much about the prophet, except his name means “festive” or “festival” and that he and Zechariah are mentioned in Ezra 5:1; 6:14 (c.458 B.C.). Allusions to Haggai are in Zechariah 8:9 and Hebrews 12:26. In Haggai we will learn some things about God and people, but teaching truth is not the main point of the book. The main point is that the people, and us, are supposed to change.

Dating of Haggai is 520 B.C. based on dates given in the book. Precise dating is a feature of Babylonian and Persian writings, such as the Babylonian Chronicle, which precisely dates every event. Haggai lived under Babylonian and Persian rule, and thus dates things by the Babylonian calendar, not the Old Testament calendar, as one who had lived his life under their rule. Haggai is also unusual in mentioning minted coins, which Darius learned about from the kingdom of Lydia. (New International Bible Commentary p.960)

Relevant world events of that time include:

538 B.C. About 50,000 Jews were allowed to return home when Cyrus conquered Babylonia.

538 B.C. The Jews work on the temple for 2 years and then stop.

530 B.C. Cyrus died in battle and Cambyses became king. Cambyses was a tyrant who mismanaged the empire. All was at peace in the Persian Empire (pax Persiaca) except for rebellious Egypt, which Cambyses marched to Palestine at the head of his army to subdue.

522 B.C. Cambyses died mysteriously and there was a revolt in Persia.

522-486 B.C. Darius Hystaspis became king and put down the revolt.

520 B.C. The prophets Haggai and Zechariah

519-518 B.C. Persian army marches through Palestine and conquers Egypt

Haggai and Zechariah were contemporaries and it is interesting to contrast the styles of these two prophets. While Haggai use rhyme, a play on words, and a chiasm, his style is on the whole plain, organized, and direct compared to the symbolic and inspiring Zechariah. God used both styles.

Different levels: Haggai can be studied on two levels: building God’s house, and turning back to God. This study is going to focus on a third level: when things are not the best. First, when God’s people are not giving their best, and second remain encouraged when the results do not appear to be the best. Haggai is clearly divided into four messages:

Hag 1:1-15 First Message – Stop Delaying and Build God’s House Now (Aug 29, 520 B.C.)

Hag 1:1-11 Consider God’s discipline of His procrastinating people

Hag 1:12-15 God’s remnant responded in obedience

Hag 2:1-9 The Glory of God’s House (Sept 21, 520 B.C.)

Hag 2:1-4 Yes, the Temple does not look so good like it used to

Hag 2:5-9 God’s Spirit remains, but once more God will shake the heavens and earth

Hag 2:10-19 God Can Even Bless What is Defiled (Oct 17, 520 B.C.)

Hag 2:10-15 Holiness is not contagious; uncleanness is; no natural hope for this people

Hag 2:16-19 God solemn promise to overturn this with His people

Hag 2:20-23 Reversing Curses (Dec 18, 520 B.C.)

Hag 2:20-22 Overturning foreign nations

Hag 2:23 Zerubbabel, descendant of Jehoiachin and the signet ring

Haggai 1 - When You are Not Doing Your Best

Only 50,000 Jews returned 538 B.C. They started building the temple or a couple of years and then stopped. And now, 18 years later, the temple still had not yet been built. The first message, on the new moon festival (Numbers 10:10), exhorted God’s people, who had lost their vision.

1. In Hag 1:1-3, what were the people doing wrong?

2. In Hag 1:2-4, why do you think the enthusiasm of God’s people sometimes wanes?

3. Why do people procrastinate in general? Why do people procrastinate in doing God’s will? What does Mt 6:33 say about this?

4. In Hag 1:3-4, why do you think God disciplined first, and explained later, instead of vice versa?

5. In Haggai 1:5-7; 2:15,18 how can we consider our ways?

6. Why does Haggai 1:10,11 mentions dew instead of rain? God sent a drought (horeb) of no dew, because His temple remained a ruin (hareb). How does James 5:17 relate to this?

7. “I am with you, says the Lord” (Hag 1:13; 2:4) Haggai 2:5 and 2:19 also give the same promise of blessing. How is this the best blessing of all? (See 1 Kings 19:11-13 for a hint)

8. In Hag 1:14, how does God stir up the spirit of someone?

In 23 days they decided to build. This gave them time to organize and finish harvesting of figs, grapes, and pomegranates. They might not have felt they had enough resources, but Ezra 6:8,9 says that king Darius even gave them money! Ezra 6:15 says it was finished about 4 years later.

9. How might James 1:6-7 relate to Haggai 1?

10. 1 Peter 2:5 says that God’s house is not a building, but us, His church. How might Christians in the U.S. be neglecting to build God’s house? Guess what percent, on average, churches give to foreign missions.

11. Answer these ten excuses why a Christian procrastinate in being devoted to God, preferably using the Bible. I already tithe. (hints: Lk 21:1-4; 2 Cor 8:2-3)

It might not always be so fun. (hints: 2 Cor 1:8-9; Php 3:14; 1 Cor 3:12-15; 1 Cor 9:23-25)

If I gave everything over to God, my family would starve. (hints: 1 Tim 5:8; Prov 31:21-25)

I might not advance so far in my career. (hints: Heb 11:24-26; 11:37; 1 Tim 6:9-10)

It might not be safe for me. (hints: 1 Kings 19:10; Abram and the Elamite invasion)

I want some assurance that my family will be safe. (hints: Ezek 24:18; Job 1:2-3 vs. 42:12-13)

Prior to knowing God, I had gone too far away from righteousness for God to use me. (Paul)

After knowing God, I have gone too far away from God’s will. (Jonah, Peter; 2 Cor 2:5-10)

Currently, I’m not so perfect myself. (hints: 2 Cor 12:7-10)

If only gives me what we need, and I have squandered part of what He gave. (hint: Ex 34:1)

Assignment for next week: This week honor God in a special way. Find something that you know God wants you to do, but you are procrastinating about, and start doing it now. Or instead, find a habit God wants you to stop doing, but you are procrastinating on, and stop doing it now.

Some Reasons why people procrastinate and go against James 4:17

Tired

Too many other things

If cannot do it properly, then do not do it at all

Work better under pressure

Lack of familiarity, out of our comfort zone

Do not see the deadline

Give permission to yourself, take the initiative (Nobody on earth gave Haggai permission to speak – except Haggai)

Do not see the immediate consequences

No accountability

We just don’t want to. We do not see sufficient pleasure or benefit

Lack of Self-discipline, which is doing what you know is best, whether you feel like it or not.

Fear of lack of success

“Give thought to your ways” (Haggai 1:5,7; 2:15,18 (2 times) includes taking inventory of:

Your time

Where you are headed

Priorities

Money

Pleasure – where is your heart

Our homework assignment

Either: find one think you know God wants you to do, but you have not started, and start doing it this week.

Or: find one think you know God wants you to stop doing but have not, and this week stop doing it.

- - - - - - -

Imagine a marathon runner flying to Boston and running the 26.2 mile marathon, who suddenly stops on mile 25. When asked why he stopped, he said he was a little tired, it had taken a long time to run those 25 miles, and he had other things to do that afternoon. Do you think that would ever happen? It may not happen in the Boston marathon, but it happens all the time in the marathon of life. It is surprisingly easy for some to give up, or else just stop in their tracks, after running so far.

In 1 Corinthians 9:24-27 Paul writes, “Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one gets the prize? Run in such a way as to get the prize. Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training. They do it to get a crown that will not last; but we do it to get a crown that will last forever. Therefore I do not run like a man running aimlessly; I do not fight like a man beating the air. No, I beat my body and make it my slave so that after I have preached to others, I myself will not be disqualified for the prize. (NIV)

The prize to be lost is not salvation but the rewards or crowns we can get in heaven. Paul speaks of varying rewards for believers in 1 Corinthians 3:11-15. While we do not know all the details on different types of crowns, one type of crown Paul had was the Philippians themselves in Philippians 4:1.

Haggai 2 - When Results do not look the Best

In studying chapter 1, one reason people procrastinate in doing God’s will is that they do not think it will be successful, at last as they define success. But at Haggai’s urging, they started to build anyway. Then they started seeing the results. The timing of this second message, on October 17, 520 B.C. is significant for two reasons. First, it was the seventh day of the Feast of Tabernacles. Exactly 400 years before, in 960 B.C., Solomon dedicated the temple in 1 Kings 6:38; 8:2. Second, it was a month later, so they could already see some results. Ezra 3:10-13 said that while some shouted for joy, others wept. Some of the older returnees probably remembered the great glory of the former temple.

1. In Hag 2:1, why does he speak of the “remnant of the people” vs. just the people?

2. In Hag 2:1-4, how can paradoxically a desire for success lead to failure by procrastination?

3. In Hag 2:1-4, how do people respond when things are not going as good as they once were?

4. In Hag 2:1-4, do you see any disappointment from God that this temple was not a beautiful as Solomon’s?

5. In Hag 2:1-4, sometimes it is natural to compare various ministries, but when should we not, and how should we?

6. In Hag 2:1-4, this temple did not lack anything, but it did not have the beautiful adornments of Solomon’s Temple. How are can some Christians, relying on “adornments” to bring attention to the gospel, losing their focus on the gospel itself?

7. In Hag 2:4, why is it significant to tell a priest name Joshua to be strong, and what does this have to do with coming out of Egypt in Hag 2:5? How is this “command” really a precious promise?

8. In Hag 2:5, God told the people not to fear. What are three things they might be fearful about?

9. In Hag 2:7, do you think “the desired of nations” is messianic or not?

10. In Hag 2:9 why do you think God said that in Jerusalem he would grant peace (shalom)?

11. In Hag 2:9, Herod the Great, mentioned that the temple was currently 60 feet shorter than Solomon’s and he persuaded the Jews to let him restore the temple to its former glory. (Josephus Antiquities of the Jews book 15 ch.11.1 p.334.) But that is not what God meant when he said this temple would have greater glory than Solomon’s. How can unspiritual attempts to make a ministry successful actually be a counterfeit for the true purpose of a ministry?

12. In Hag 2:10-19, why is God making the point that defilement is contagious and holiness is not?

13. In Hag 2:15 the Hebrew is unusual, literally saying, “from this day and upward”. How is our life to be “from this day and upward”?

14. In Hag 2:23, how was Zerubbabel chosen for the future? (hint Mt 1:12-13,16)

15. In Hag 2:23, what is the significance of a signet ring? (hint on 1 of 2 answers: Jer 22:24,30)

Haggai 1 - When You are Not Doing Your Best – some brief answers

1. In Hag 1:1-3, what were the people doing wrong?

A: It was not that they were doing evil things, but they let their own concerns and ambitions take first place instead of serving God, as Haggai 1:3 shows.

2. In Hag 1:2-4, why do you think the enthusiasm of God’s people sometimes wanes?

A: There can be at least four reasons.

Lost faith in God working in them to succeed in achieving that goal:

Dampened their love of God and others that motivates them to press onward. They do not feel it is worth the effort, hard work, or sacrifice to work toward that goal.

Given up hope, and are discouraged on their progress. They do not see that they will ever make the goal they think they are supposed to arrive at.

Lost their vision: They have changed and now want to work on another goal, perhaps to satisfy their own ambition.

3. Why do people procrastinate in general? Why do people procrastinate in doing God’s will? What does Mt 6:33 say about this?

A: Procrastination of action is not refusing to do something; rather it is justified as putting off until a better time. Many times there is something that appears more fine, or less laborious to do now; and that gets in the way of doing important things. Many things today are “urgent” in that they have deadlines. But some things are very important but not urgent because they do not have a deadline. InterVarsity Press published a very good booklet on this, called The Tyranny of the Urgent. It shows how the tyranny of the urgent is the enemy of the important.

A second kind of procrastination is “analysis paralysis” or delaying making a decision, especially a decision that is uncomfortable to make. On one extreme, it is not good to make snap decisions with insufficient or no data to base the decision on. On the other extreme, procrastination is often rationalized by saying, “I don’t have all the data”. Typically you never will have all the data! But if you have enough data, such that additional data probably will not change the decision, then you should decide now.

Matthew 6:33 says to seek first the kingdom of God. Sometimes people do not do what God wants them to do because they feel they have something more important. But nothing is really more important than serving God.

4. In Hag 1:3-4, why do you think God disciplined first, and explained later, instead of vice versa?

A: Typically God warns a defiant or ignorant people and then punishes if they do not turn around. But there are two kinds of disobedience: defiance and procrastination. They people already knew what to do, they were not defiant or outright unwilling to do it, but they just kept on delaying while they were doing their own projects. God gave them bad consequences because they already knew what they should be doing. God made the punishment fit the disobedience. They were too busy working on their own things to have time for God, so God made sure their own things would not be very successful.

5. In Haggai 1:5,7; 2:15,18 (2 times), how can we give thought to our ways?

A: We can start with prayer to ask God to show us our hidden faults, as well as remind us of our not-so-hidden ones. We can take stock if our desires, thoughts, and plans are leading us and our family towards God and being more Christlike, or away. We can question if there are important things we are leaving undone, for the sake of trivial things. In general, we can give though to: our time, where we are headed, priorities, money, and pleasure – or where is our heart.

6. Why does Haggai 1:10,11 mentions dew instead of rain? God sent a drought (horeb) of no dew, because His temple remained a ruin (hareb). How does James 5:17 relate to this?

A: During the summer growing season, from April to October, there was no rain in Israel. But there was usually a lot of dew from the winds coming off of the Mediterranean Sea. So the dew was essential to the summer crops. God sent a drought (horeb) of no dew, because His temple remained a ruin (hareb). He used a pun to reinforce in people’s memory the reason for the punishment. James 4:17 says that the prayer of a righteous man is powerful in its effect, and it gives the example first of Elijah praying for no rain, and then later praying for rain. These people’s prayer for rain did nothing, because they were not fully committed to God. James 1:7-8 says that a double-minded man should not think he will receive anything from the Lord.

7. “I am with you, says the Lord” (Hag 1:13; 2:4) Haggai 2:5 and 2:19 also give the same promise of blessing. How is this the best blessing of all? (See 1 Kings 19:11-13 for a hint)

A: Elijah knew the answer in 1 Kings 19:11-13. God showed him various powers in nature, but Elijah knew that God’s presence was not in those; and Elijah held out for God’s presence. When we are not satisfied with showy outward things, but hold out for God’s presence, God will be there for us. The promise that God will be with us, in a very near and personal way, is the best promise of all.

8. In Hag 1:14, how does God stir up the spirit of someone?

A: In 23 days they decided to build. This gave them time to organize and finish harvesting of figs, grapes, and pomegranates. They might not have felt they had enough resources, but Ezra 6:8,9 says that king Darius even gave them money! Ezra 6:15 says it was finished about 4 years later.

Q: How do Hag 1:2-4 and Jms 1:6-7 relate to each other?

A: James 1:6-7 says that if a person knows what God wants them to do and does not do it, then it is sin. Here are some reasons why people procrastinate in general.

Say they are too tired

Too many other things

If cannot do it properly, then do not do it at all

Work better under pressure

Lack of familiarity, out of our comfort zone

Do not see the deadline

Give permission to yourself, take the initiative (Nobody on earth gave Haggai permission to speak – except Haggai)

Do not see the immediate consequences

No accountability

We just don’t want to. We do not see sufficient pleasure or benefit

Lack of self-discipline, which is doing what you know is best, whether you feel like it or not.

Fear of lack of success

11. Answer these ten excuses why a Christian procrastinate in being devoted to God, preferably using the Bible. I already tithe. (hints: Lk 21:1-4; 2 Cor 8:2-3)

It might not always be so fun. (hints: 2 Cor 1:8-9; Php 3:14; 1 Cor 3:12-15; 1 Cor 9:23-25)

If I gave everything over to God, my family would starve. (hints: 1 Tim 5:8; Prov 31:21-25)

I might not advance so far in my career. (hints: Heb 11:24-26; 11:37; 1 Tim 6:9-10)

It might not be safe for me. (hints: 1 Kings 19:10; Abram and the Elamite invasion)

I want some assurance that my family will be safe. (hints: Ezek 24:18; Job 1:2-3 vs. 42:12-13)

Prior to knowing God, I had gone too far away from righteousness for God to use me. (Paul)

After knowing God, I have gone too far away from God’s will. (Jonah, Peter; 2 Cor 2:5-10)

Currently, I’m not so perfect myself. (hints: 2 Cor 12:7-10)

If only gives me what we need, and I have squandered part of what He gave. (hint: Ex 34:1)

Some Reasons why people procrastinate and go against James 4:17

Tired

Too many other things

If cannot do it properly, then do not do it at all

Work better under pressure

Lack of familiarity, out of our comfort zone

Do not see the deadline

Give permission to yourself, take the initiative (Nobody on earth gave Haggai permission to speak – except Haggai)

Do not see the immediate consequences

No accountability

We just don’t want to. We do not see sufficient pleasure or benefit

Lack of Self-discipline, which is doing what you know is best, whether you feel like it or not.

Fear of lack of success

“Give thought to your ways” (Haggai 1:5,7; 2:15,18 (2 times) includes taking inventory of:

Your time

Where you are headed

Priorities

Money

Pleasure – where is your heart

Our homework assignment

Either: find one think you know God wants you to do, but you have not started, and start doing it this week.

Or: find one think you know God wants you to stop doing but have not, and this week stop doing it.

Haggai 2 - When Results do not look the Best – some brief answers

1. In Hag 2:1, why does he speak of the “remnant of the people” vs. just the people?

A: There were over 1.5 million Israelites in Solomon’s time, but at this time only 50,000 Jews returned home. They had noticeably fewer people and far fewer resources to build a temple. A key point is their attitudes would be when the temple reflected that.

An Exegetical Commentary : Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi p.37 says that “remnant” does not refer to an elect community, but rather the insignificant fraction of the population that returned from Babylon.

2. In Hag 2:1-4, how can paradoxically a desire for success lead to failure by procrastination?

A: Sometimes people procrastinate because they would rather not ever try at all than risk failure. Quite frankly, some things that God wants us to do, if we do them right, humbly and obediently, and rely on God, will still be a failure, - at least in the eyes of the world.

The people in Haggai’s time gave up their own judging of auspicious times for success, and at Haggai’s urging, they started to build anyway. The timing of the second message, on October 17, 520 B.C., on the seventh day of the Feast of Tabernacles, is significant in two ways. First, it was exactly 440 years before, in 960 B.C. that Solomon dedicated the temple he built in 1 Kings 6:38; 8:2. Second, it was a month later, so they could already see some results. Ezra 3:10-13 said that while some shouted for joy, others wept. Some of the older returnees probably remembered the former temple.

Whether or not the new temple would be a “success” depended on whether you were judging by worldly standards or God’s.

3. In Hag 2:1-4, how do people respond when things are not going as good as they once were?

A: Ezra 3:10-13 says that some of the people rejoiced, but others cried. If you come to a church just for the “show” sooner or later you will either be disappointed, or you might end up in a place where everything is only for show. It is better to be genuine than spectacular.

4. In Hag 2:1-4, do you see any disappointment from God that this temple was not a beautiful as Solomon’s?

A: None whatsoever. Remember, that Solomon also built idol temples too, and these people would not be building an idol temples. Building a plain and pure temple to God is better than building a truly spectacular temple to God but building an idol temple too.

5. In Hag 2:1-4, sometimes it is natural to compare various ministries, but when should we not, and how should we?

A: In Jeremiah 45, Baruch the scribe was faithful in Jeremiah’s ministry. Jeremiah was in influential prophet in the centuries to come, but in his time we do not have record of a single person repenting. We do not judge by results, amount of money taken in, or flashiness.

But we can and should look at if they are sound in doctrine and practice, and whether or not they are doing what God has called Christians to do.

A: Denominations and Christian organizations can have two kinds of purposes. The first kind is the purposes that God intended for the group. The second kind are additional purposes that people have added. People in Solomon’s time could be confident that the LORD was the true God because Jerusalem had the largest temple, the best furnishings and the most gold of any temple around. All of those are false reasons to be confident. It was a noble goal to “adorn” the temple, but this new temple was going to be “unadorned” with the gold, magnificent height, and other trappings. As we look the mammoth, beautifully architected cathedrals of Europe, prior to the missionary age of the 18th century, one wonders what more could have been done if the money and effort had instead gone to build the real church of God, i.e. more people through evangelism and discipleship.

We might think we need adornments to serve God better, and we would, if we were to serve in our own power. But we can do nothing apart from Christ (John 15:15). As Paul learned in 2 Corinthians 12:10b “When I am weak, then I am strong.” (NIV)

7. In Hag 2:4, why is it significant to tell a priest name Joshua to be strong, and what does this have to do with coming out of Egypt in Hag 2:5? How is this “command” really a precious promise?

A: God is using the same phrasing he told Joshua in the book of Joshua. We can be encouraged by remembering what God has done for us and His people in the past. On the surface God was merely commanding Him to be strong, but indirectly God was saying God could make him courageous like the Joshua of old, and Moses and Aaron, who feed the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, and defeated Pharaoh’s army singlehandedly without any help from anyone else – that is, except for God.

As a side note on Joshua the high priest, his father Jehozadak was deported to Babylon (1 Chronicles 6:15).

8. In Hag 2:5, God told the people not to fear. What are three things they might be fearful about?

A: While there are many specific things they could have feared, there are at least three categories.

Fear of the surrounding people: The Samaritans, Ammonites, and Arabs were not pleased that they were rebuilding the wall in Nehemiah’s time, and they would not have wanted the temple in Haggai’s time either.

Fear that God would not take them back: The people had been so disobedient over 70 years ago that God exiled them the Babylon. Only a very small percentage returned. They might have some questions about if God still wanted them. God’s promise to be with them in Haggai 1:13; 2:4 and Isaiah 41:10 would be precious to them. If a Christian falls today, he or she might wonder if God would ever take them back. The promise made back then is still valid today. In fact, if someone repents it is because of the Holy Spirit convicting them to repentance, in order to take them back.

Fear of little strength in tumultuous times: God told the Jews that once more he would shake the heavens and earth, the sea and dry land, in Haggai 2:6. “Once more” is reminiscent of Exodus 19:16 where God shook things in Moses’ time. Isaiah 41:10 says, “So do not fear, for I am with you; do not be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you and help you; I will uphold you with my righteous right hand.” (NIV)

9. In Hag 2:7, do you think “the desired of nations” is messianic or not?

A: Scholars have different views.

Yes: Some Jewish rabbis and Jerome (Letter 53 ch.8 p.101 394 A.D.) interpreted this as Messianic. 1001 Bible Questions Answered p.300 says this is messianic. Haggai 2:6-7 was considered messianic in the Jewish literature Tal Snahedrin 97b, Exodus R 18.12 and Deuteronomy R 1.23 according to The Expositor’s Bible Commentary vol.12 p.145.

No: “Desired of all nations” is probably not messianic according to the New International Bible Commentary p.961, Believer’s Bible Commentary p.1155, and the Evangelical Commentary on the Bible p.685.

Both: The Bible Knowledge Commentary : Old Testament p.1542 likewise points out that “will come” is a plural word, so this is a plural desires/treasures, but says this could be deliberately ambiguous and refer to both treasures and the Messiah.

The question is left open by the NIV and apparently The Expositor’s Bible Commentary vol.7 p.586

10. In Hag 2:9 why do you think God said that in Jerusalem he would grant peace (shalom)?

A: Jerusalem has continuously been the center of conflict. But the Messiah, the Prince of peace, would bring out peace between God and man in Jerusalem, at the cross.

A: Herod the Great mentioned that the temple was currently 60 feet shorter than Solomon’s and thus not as good. He said this in his speech to persuade the Jews to let him restore the temple to its former state so that the temple (and he) would have more glory. (Josephus Antiquities of the Jews book 15 ch.11.1 p.334.)

But that is not what God meant when he said this temple would have greater glory than Solomon’s. Today, unspiritual attempts to make a ministry successful can actually be a counterfeit for the true purpose of a ministry

12. In Hag 2:10-19, why is God making the point that defilement is contagious and holiness is not?

A: One could think of cleanness as purity, and uncleanness as contamination. A consecrated thing touching against an ordinary thing does not make both consecrated. However, a contaminated thing touching an ordinary thing makes both contaminated. Then God told Haggai that to him the whole nation was contaminated. There are at least three applications we can learn from this passage.

1. You cannot do an equal amount of good and bad things and expect things to balance out in God's’ eyes. Some call this erroneous view the “Robinhood Syndrome”, since according to legend, Robinhood thought that one bad deed (such as robbing some one), would be balanced by one good deed (such as giving a portion of the loot to the poor.)

2. We can defile, but only God can purify. Defilement spreads. Ecclesiastes 10:1 compares this to a dead fly in perfume. Holy things, or people, do not make more consecrated things or people. It is God who makes things and people Holy.

3. God often takes collective action against a nation or people. Even though there might be a few righteous people in a nation, God sometimes punishes the entire nation because of the sins of the majority. This does not mean the righteous people are guilty, but in this life, they still are caught up in the consequences of others sins.

13. In Hag 2:15 the Hebrew is unusual, literally saying, “from this day and upward”. How is our life to be “from this day and upward”?

A: The people probably felt in a low spot spiritually, for only a remnant returned, and the temple was clearly not going to be as good as it was before. They were in a low spot financially. But God promised them that He would be with them, and He would bless them from this day “upward.”

As one pastor would say, when somebody asks how you are doing, you can tell them, “better than yesterday, less than tomorrow.” We should live with the expectation that we will be growing more Christlike, filled with God’s joy, peace, and perseverance, every day.

14. In Hag 2:23, how was Zerubbabel chosen for the future? (hint Mt 1:12-13,16)

A: Zerubbabel was the governor under whom this temple would be rebuilt. But there is more to this than just that honor. Matthew 1:12-13,16 shows that Zerubbabel’s descendant, Joseph, was to be the legal father of the Messiah.

As a side note, the name Zerubbabel is an attested Akkadian name, zer babili, meaning descendant of Babylon.

15. In Hag 2:23, what is the significance of a signet ring? (hint on 1 of 2 answers: Jer 22:24,30)

A: There are at least three interrelated meanings.

In general, a signet ring symbolized the authority of the king. Pharaoh took his signet ring off and gave it to Joseph in Genesis 41:42.

Divine authority to rule. The Messiah would have a signet ring.

Promise that the Messiah would come

Holy Spirit guarantees our future inheritance (NIV Study Bible p.1404) See Ephesians 1:13-14.

Reverse of the curse on Jehoiachin: Jehoiachin was told that even if he were a signet ring on God’s right hand, God would pull him off in Jeremiah 22:24-25. Zerubbabel is not merely given a signet ring, but is said to be like God’s signet ring.

by Steven M. Morrison, PhD.